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Sync Protocol & Convergence

Transport-Agnostic Design

The sync engine (libfossil/sync/) operates entirely through a Transport interface with a single method:

type Transport interface {
    Exchange(ctx context.Context, request *xfer.Message) (*xfer.Message, error)
}

Implementations: HTTPTransport (Fossil HTTP /xfer), NATSTransport (leaf-to-leaf), MockTransport (tests). The engine produces/consumes xfer.Message values and never touches I/O directly.

The server handler uses the same abstraction via HandleFunc:

type HandleFunc func(ctx context.Context, r *repo.Repo, req *xfer.Message) (*xfer.Message, error)

Transport listeners (ServeHTTP, ServeNATS, ServeP2P stub) call HandleFunc; sync logic stays transport-agnostic. The handler is stateless per-round -- the client drives convergence.

Xfer Card Types

Core Cards

Card Direction Purpose
login USER NONCE SIG C->S Auth. Nonce = SHA1(payload incl. random comment). Sig = SHA1(nonce + SHA1(project/user/pass)). Empty user = no login card (unauthenticated).
pragma client-version VER DATE TIME C->S Protocol compat. VER must be numeric (e.g. 22800) -- Fossil's atoi() rejects non-numeric.
push SCODE PCODE Both Announce push intent / acknowledge push permission
pull SCODE PCODE Both Announce pull intent
file UUID SIZE [FLAGS]\nCONTENT Both Full blob payload
cfile UUID DELTASRC SIZE [FLAGS]\nCONTENT Both Delta-compressed blob
igot UUID [ISPRIVATE] Both "I have this artifact." Second arg 1 = private.
gimme UUID Both "Send me this artifact."
cookie VALUE Both Session cookie, echoed back each round
error MSG S->C Fatal or non-fatal error
message MSG S->C Informational
clone VER SEQNO C->S Clone request (version 3 = compressed)
clone_seqno NEXT S->C Next rid to request; 0 = all sent
reqconfig NAMES... C->S Request config values
config NAME SIZE\nDATA S->C Config value response
private Both Next file/cfile is a private artifact

UV Cards

Card Direction Purpose
pragma uv-hash HASH Both Catalog hash short-circuit (SHA1 of sorted name/datetime/hash rows, always SHA1 even in SHA3 repos)
pragma uv-push-ok S->C Server accepts UV writes
pragma uv-pull-only S->C Server rejects UV writes
uvigot NAME MTIME HASH SIZE Both "I have this UV file at this version." Hash "-" = deletion tombstone.
uvgimme NAME Both "Send me this UV file."
uvfile NAME MTIME HASH SIZE FLAGS\nCONTENT Both UV file payload. Flags: 0=normal, 1=deletion, 4=content omitted.

Extension Table Cards (Remote Schema Sync)

Card Direction Purpose
schema TABLE VER HASH MTIME SIZE\nJSON Both Table definition (columns, conflict strategy). Control phase -- tables exist before data.
pragma xtable-hash TABLE HASH Both Per-table catalog hash short-circuit
xigot TABLE PK_HASH MTIME Both "I have this row at this version."
xgimme TABLE PK_HASH Both "Send me this row."
xrow TABLE PK_HASH MTIME SIZE\nJSON Both Full row payload
xdelete TABLE PK_HASH MTIME SIZE\nPKDATA Both Row deletion (tombstone). PKData = JSON PK column values for tombstone insertion on peers that never had the row.

Cluster Cards

Card Direction Purpose
pragma req-clusters C->S Request cluster igots (sent on round 2 when pulling)

Client/Server Sync Flow

Client Convergence Loop

Each round: buildRequest() -> transport.Exchange() -> processResponse(). Repeats until converged or MaxRounds (100) exceeded.

Request construction per round:

  1. Header cards: pragma client-version, push/pull, login (if credentials set), cookie (if cached)
  2. igot for unclustered artifacts (filtered by remoteHas), budget-limited
  3. file/cfile for pendingSend + unsent table, respecting MaxSend budget (default 250KB)
  4. gimme for phantoms (max 200, scaled to max(200, filesRecvdLastRound * 2))
  5. UV cards if SyncOpts.UV is true; extension table cards for registered schemas

Response processing: Store received files (verify hash), track remoteHas from igots, queue gimme requests in pendingSend, cache cookies, evict stale phantoms after 3 consecutive unresolved rounds.

Convergence criteria -- ALL must hold:

Server Handler Card Processing

Two phases per request:

  1. Control phase: login, push, pull, clone, pragma, schema, reqconfig
  2. Data phase: file, cfile, igot, gimme, UV cards, extension table cards

Key behaviors:

Server-Side IGot Filtering (remoteHas)

Mirrors Fossil's per-request onremote temp table (xfer.c:1011-1012, 1056-1057). The handler tracks UUIDs the client announced via igot cards, then filters emitIGots(), emitPrivateIGots(), and sendAllClusters() to skip blobs the client already has.

Implementation: remoteHas map[string]remoteHasEntry on the handler struct, where remoteHasEntry{isPrivate bool} records the client's announced private status. Lazily initialized (nil until first igot received). Lifecycle is per-request -- no cross-request persistence.

Private-status-aware filtering (divergence from Fossil): Fossil's onremote is a simple rid INTEGER PRIMARY KEY -- no private flag. Fossil doesn't need one because its server-side igot handler calls content_make_public(rid) / content_make_private(rid) to synchronize private status during igot processing (xfer.c:1472-1476). libfossil deliberately does NOT mutate server private status from client igots ("server is authoritative"). This means private/public transitions must propagate through igot emission: the filter only skips when the client's announced status matches the server's current status.

Cookie card: Defined in the wire protocol but server-side is a stub (matching upstream Fossil). Client parses, caches, and echoes; server ignores. session.cookie field exists for forward compatibility.

Clone Protocol

Version 3 (compressed file cards). Client creates repo, clears project-code, then enters clone loop.

Repo creation sequence: repo.Create(path) -> delete project-code -> clone rounds -> store project/server codes from server's push card -> return opened repo. Failure -> os.Remove(path).

Sequential delivery: Server sends blobs in rid order. Client sends clone 3 <seqno>, server responds with batch + clone_seqno <next>. When clone_seqno 0, transitions to phantom-resolution mode (gimme rounds for out-of-order delta sources).

Clone convergence: Stop when clone_seqno == 0 AND no phantoms AND at least 2 rounds done. No login card on round 0 (project-code unknown); login on round 1+ if credentials provided and project-code received.

Shared blob I/O: storeReceivedFile() extracted as package-level function, used by both sync session and clone session. During clone, missing delta sources stored as phantoms (expected -- blobs arrive in rid order, not dependency order).

UV Sync

Mtime-wins conflict resolution for unversioned files (forum posts, wiki pages, attachments).

Storage: unversioned table with name, mtime, hash, sz, encoding, content. Compression at 80% threshold. Hash NULL = deletion tombstone.

Status function (pure, no DB): compares (localMtime, localHash) vs (remoteMtime, remoteHash). Returns 0-5: pull / pull / pull-mtime / identical / push-mtime / push. Tie-breaker: same mtime, lexically larger hash wins.

Catalog hash short-circuit: pragma uv-hash HASH. SHA1 of "name datetime hash\n" for all non-deleted rows, sorted by name. Always SHA1 (hardcoded), even in SHA3 repos. If hashes match, no uvigot exchange needed.

Client flow: Round 1 sends pragma uv-hash. If catalogs differ, server sends uvigot catalog + pragma uv-push-ok/uv-pull-only. Client compares each uvigot via Status(), sends uvgimme/uvfile as needed. Pre-populates uvToSend with all local UV files; entries not mentioned by server's uvigot get pushed (propagation of client-originated files).

Config/Schema Sync

Config Cards (reqconfig/config)

Client sends reqconfig for project-code, project-name, server-code. Server responds with config cards containing values.

Remote Schema Sync (Extension Tables)

Generic table sync primitive using xigot/xgimme/xrow/xdelete exchange pattern (same as UV sync). All extension tables prefixed x_ to protect Fossil core tables.

Conflict strategies (per-table):

Schema propagation: schema card in control phase creates table on receiving peer. Append-only evolution (ADD COLUMN only). Version monotonically increases; downgrades rejected.

Short-circuit: pragma xtable-hash TABLE HASH skips exchange when catalog hashes match. Catalog hash = SHA1 of sorted pk_hash + " " + mtime + "\n" for live (non-tombstone) rows only.

Row deletion (tombstones): Following Fossil's UV pattern, deleted rows remain in x_<table> with all non-PK value columns set to NULL and mtime updated to the deletion timestamp. Convention: all value columns NULL = tombstone. Tombstones are excluded from catalog hash but included in xigot exchange so deletions propagate. When a peer receives an xdelete for a row it never had, it inserts a tombstone from the PKData payload. PKData hash is verified against PKHash before insertion. Resurrection: an xrow with a newer mtime than the tombstone overwrites the NULLs.

PK hash: Type-aware canonical normalization — values normalized to strings by declared column type (integer → strconv.FormatInt, text → as-is, etc.) then SHA1'd. No JSON in the hash path. Ensures determinism across JSON round-trips that coerce int64 → float64.

Conflict resolution for deletions: self-write/owner-write tables check _owner before accepting xdelete — only the row owner can delete. mtime-wins allows any peer to delete. Same ownership rules as xrow.

SQL injection protection: Table/column names validated against ^[a-z_][a-z0-9_]*$. JSON payloads always parameterized. Non-PK columns are nullable (required for tombstone support); PK columns remain NOT NULL.

Private Artifacts

Blobs in the private table are excluded from normal sync. Transfer requires both peers to have x capability and client opt-in via pragma send-private.

Wire mechanics:

Exclusion filters (when Private: false): sendUnclustered, sendAllClusters, buildFileCards, buildGimmeCards all add NOT EXISTS(SELECT 1 FROM private WHERE rid=...).

Delta safety: Never send a delta against a private base unless both peers are in private sync mode.

Cluster Batching

Repos with many blobs batch igot announcements into cluster manifests (~800 UUIDs per cluster) to reduce wire overhead.

Cluster artifact format: Sorted M <uuid> lines + Z <md5-checksum>. Stored as blobs, tagged with tagid=7.

Generation: content.GenerateClusters() fires when unclustered count >= 100. Creates clusters of up to 800, removes clustered blobs from unclustered table. Cluster blobs themselves stay in unclustered for announcement.

Protocol flow:

Crosslink: When a cluster blob is received and parsed, its M-card members are removed from unclustered. Unknown UUIDs create phantoms.

Two-pass architecture matching Fossil's manifest_crosslink_begin/manifest_crosslink/manifest_crosslink_end:

Pass 1 -- Link artifacts into tables: Parse each uncrosslinked blob, dispatch by type. Tag insertion and tag_propagate_all run immediately per artifact. Collect deferred work (wiki backlinks, ticket rebuilds).

Pass 2 -- Deferred processing: Wiki backlink refresh, ticket entry rebuild, TAG_PARENT reparenting.

Per-type handlers: Checkin (event/plink/leaf/mlink + cherrypick), Wiki (event type='w', wiki-tag, plink chain), Ticket (tkt-tag, deferred rebuild), Event/Technote (event type='e'), Attachment (attachment table, isLatest, type detection), Cluster (cluster tag, unclustered cleanup), Forum (forumpost table, thread references), Control (event type='g').

Dephantomize hook: AfterDephantomize(rid) fires when a phantom receives real content -- crosslinks the blob, checks orphan table for delta manifests waiting on this baseline, recursively dephantomizes delta chains. Hook is per-session (not global) to avoid data races.

Auto-crosslink in sync: Dephantomize hook set at session start for incremental crosslinking. manifest.Crosslink() called as catch-all after convergence. Clone skips incremental hook; bulk crosslink at end.

Convergence Criteria Summary

Mode Continue When Stop When
Sync Files exchanged, phantoms remain, unsent artifacts exist Zero files exchanged, no phantoms, no pending, no unsent
Clone clone_seqno > 0, or phantoms exist and files received, or nCycle == 1 clone_seqno == 0 AND no phantoms AND >= 2 rounds
UV nUvGimmeSent > 0 && (nUvFileRcvd > 0 \|\| nCycle < 3) No outstanding UV gimmes or 3 rounds without progress
Extension tables xigot/xgimme exchange pending Catalog hashes match or no rows exchanged
Safety -- MaxRounds (100) or context cancellation

Key Constraints